Osman b. Aff\u00e2n b. Ebil-As b. \u00dcmeyye b. Abdi\u2019\u015f-\u015eems b. Abdi Menaf el-Kure\u015f\u00ee el-Emev\u00ee; Ra\u015fid Halifelerin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc. \u00dcmeyyeo\u011fullar\u0131 ailesine mensup olup, nesebi be\u015finci ceddi olan Abdi Menaf\u2019ta Resulullah (s.a.s) ile birle\u015fmektedir. Fil olay\u0131ndan alt\u0131 sene sonra Mekke\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Annesi, Erva binti K\u00fcreyz b. Rebia b. Habib b. Abdi \u015eems\u2019tir. B\u00fcy\u00fckannesi ise Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019\u0131n halas\u0131 Abd\u00fclmuttalib\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 Beyda\u2019d\u0131r. K\u00fcnyesi, \u201cEb\u00fb Abdullah\u2019t\u0131r. Ona, \u201cEbu Amr\u201d ve \u201cEbu Leyla\u201d da denilirdi (\u0130bnul-Hacer el-Askal\u00e2n\u00ee, el-\u0130sabe fi Temy\u00eezi\u2019s-Sahabe, Ba\u011fdat t.y., II, 462; \u0130bn\u00fcl Es\u00eer, \u00dcsd\u00fcl-\u011e\u00e2be, III, 584-585; Celaleddin Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, T\u00e2rihul-Hulef\u00e2, Beyrut 1986, 165).<\/p>\n
Resulullah (s.a.s) risaletle g\u00f6revlendirildi\u011finde Osman (r.a) otuz d\u00f6rt ya\u015flar\u0131ndayd\u0131. O, ilk iman edenler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a), g\u00fcvendi\u011fi kimseleri \u0130sl\u00e2ma davette yo\u011fun gayret g\u00f6stermekteydi. Onun bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neticesinde, Abdurrahman b. Avf, Sa\u2019d b. Ebi Vakkas, Z\u00fcbeyr b. Avv\u00e2m, Talha b. Ubeydullah ve Osman b. Aff\u00e2n iman etmi\u015flerdi. Hz. Osman, cahiliyye d\u00f6neminde de Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in samimi bir arkada\u015f\u0131 idi (Siretu \u0130bn \u0130shak, \u0130stanbul 1981,121; \u00dcsd\u00fc\u2019l-G\u00e2be, ayn\u0131 yer; Askalan\u00ee, ayn\u0131 yer).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman, iman etti\u011fi zaman bunu duyan amcas\u0131 Hakem b. Ebil-\u00c2s onu s\u0131k\u0131ca ba\u011flayarak hapsetmi\u015f ve eski dinine d\u00f6nmezse asla serbest b\u0131rakmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Hz. Osman (r.a) ebediyyen dininden d\u00f6nmeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyince, kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren amcas\u0131 onu serbest b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, 168). Pe\u015finden o, Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 Rukayye ile evlenmi\u015fti. Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler bu evlili\u011fin Peygamber\u2019in risaletle g\u00f6revlendirilmesinden \u00f6nce oldu\u011funu kaydederler (Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, a.g.e., 165).<\/p>\n
Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin iman edenlere y\u00f6nelttikleri bask\u0131 ve i\u015fkenceler yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131p \u00e7ekilmez bir hal al\u0131nca, Resulullah (s.a.s), ashab\u0131na Habe\u015fistan\u2019a hicret etmeleri tavsiyesinde bulunmu\u015ftu. Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n Habe\u015fistan\u2019a ilk hicret edenler aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda kaynaklar ittifak halindedirler. \u0130bn Hacer bir\u00e7ok sahabiye dayand\u0131rarak Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n, e\u015fi Rukayye ile birlikte Habe\u015fistan\u2019a hicret eden ilk kimse oldu\u011funu kaydetmektedir (\u0130bn Hacer, ayn\u0131 yer). Mekkelilerin iman ettiklerine dair yanl\u0131\u015f bir haberin Habe\u015fistan\u2019a ula\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte muhacirlerden bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Mekke\u2019ye geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Hz. Osman da geri d\u00f6nenler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ancak onlar kendilerine ula\u015fan haberin as\u0131ls\u0131z oldu\u011funa \u015fahit olduklar\u0131nda tekrar Habe\u015fistana gitmek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Hz. Osman, hareket etmeden \u00f6nce Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019e \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cYa Resulullah! Bir defa hicret ettik. Bu Neca\u015fi\u2019ye ikinci hicretimiz oluyor. Ancak siz bizimle de\u011filsiniz\u201d. Resulullah (s.a.s) ona; \u201cSiz Allah\u2019a ve bana hicret edenlersiniz. Bu iki hicretin tamam\u0131 sizindir\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Bunun \u00fczerine o; \u201cBu bize yeter ya Resulullah\u201d dedi (\u0130bn Sa\u2019d, Tabakat\u00fcl-K\u00fcbra, Beyrut t.y., I, 207).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman (r.a), ikinci olarak hicret etti\u011fi Habe\u015fistan\u2019da bir m\u00fcddet kald\u0131ktan sonra Mekke\u2019ye geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Resulullah (s.a.s), Medine\u2019ye hicret etmekle emrolundu\u011funda, Hz. Osman di\u011fer m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla birlikte Medine\u2019ye hicret etti. O, Medine\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman Hassan b. Sabit\u2019in karde\u015fi Evs b. Sabit\u2019e konuk olmu\u015ftu. Bundan dolay\u0131 Hassan, onu \u00e7ok severdi (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Es\u00eer, \u00dcsd\u00fcl-G\u00e2be, 585; \u0130bn Sa\u2019d, a.g.e., 55-56).<\/p>\n
Bir yahudinin m\u00fclkiyetinde olan Rume kuyusunu yirmi bin dirheme sat\u0131n alarak b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n istifadesine sunmu\u015ftu. Bu kuyunun m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019in \u015fu s\u00f6z\u00fcnden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: \u201cRume kuyusunu kim a\u00e7arsa, ona Cennet vard\u0131r\u201d (Buhar\u00ee, Fezailu\u2019l-Ashab, 47).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman, han\u0131m\u0131 Rukayye a\u011f\u0131r hasta oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019in izniyle Bedir sava\u015f\u0131ndan geri kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Rukayye ordu Bedir\u2019de bulundu\u011fu esnada vefat etmi\u015f, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n zaferinin m\u00fcjdesi Medine\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn topra\u011fa verilmi\u015fti. Fiili olarak Bedir\u2019de bulunmam\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte Resulullah (s.a.s) onu Bedir\u2019e kat\u0131lanlardan saym\u0131\u015f ve ganimetten ona da pay ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (\u00dcsd\u00fcl-G\u00e2be, III, 586; Suyut\u00ee, a.g.e., 165; H.\u0130.Hasan, Tarihu\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m, I, 256).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman Bedir sava\u015f\u0131 hari\u00e7, m\u00fc\u015friklerle ve \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla yap\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn sava\u015flara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Rukayye\u2019nin vefat edi\u015finden sonra Resulullah (s.a.s), Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131 di\u011fer k\u0131z\u0131 \u00dcmm\u00fc G\u00fcls\u00fcm ile evlendirdi. Hicretin dokuzuncu y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00dcmm\u00fc G\u00fcls\u00fcm vefat etti\u011finde Resulullah (s.a.s) \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftu: \u201cE\u011fer k\u0131rk tane k\u0131z\u0131m olsayd\u0131 birbiri pe\u015finden hi\u00e7 bir tane kalmayana kadar onlar\u0131 Osman\u2019la evlendirirdim\u201d ve yine Hz. Osman\u2019a \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir k\u0131z\u0131m olsayd\u0131 muhakkak ki seninle evlendirirdim\u201d demi\u015fti (\u00dcsd\u00fcl-G\u00e2be, ayn\u0131 yer). Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019in iki k\u0131z\u0131yla evlenmi\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in iki n\u00fbr sahibi anlam\u0131nda, \u201cZi\u2019n-Nureyn\u201d lakab\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r olmu\u015ftur. Zat\u00fc\u2019r-Rika ve Gatafan seferlerinde Resulullah (s.a.s), onu Medine\u2019de yerine vekil b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Suyuti, a.g.e., 165).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n Habe\u015fistan\u2019a hicreti esnas\u0131nda Hz. Rukayye\u2019den do\u011fan Abdullah ad\u0131ndaki o\u011flu, Medine\u2019ye hicretin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131nda bir horozun y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0131rmalamas\u0131 sonucunda hastalanarak vefat etti. Abdullah, vefat etti\u011finde alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131nda idi (\u0130bn Sa\u2019d, a.g.e., III, 53, 54).<\/p>\n
Hicretin alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131nda m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Umre yapmak i\u00e7in Mekke\u2019ye hareket ettiklerinde, Hz. Osman da onlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ancak, putperest Mekke y\u00f6netimi, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Mekke\u2019ye sokmama karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Hudeybiye\u2019de karargah kuran Resulullah (s.a.s), m\u00fc\u015friklerle diyalog kurarak, maksatlar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca umre yapmak oldu\u011funu onlara bildirmek istiyordu. Resulullah (s.a.s), bu i\u015f i\u00e7in Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019i g\u00f6revlendirmek istemi\u015f, ancak Hz. \u00d6mer, bir tak\u0131m ge\u00e7erli sebepler ileri s\u00fcrerek Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n daha uygun oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Bunun \u00fczerine Resulullah (s.a.s), el\u00e7ilik g\u00f6revini Hz. Osman\u2019a verdi. Daha \u00f6nce el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderilen H\u0131ra\u015f b. Umeyye el-Ka\u2019b\u00ee\u2019yi Mekkeliler \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek istemi\u015flerdi (\u0130bn Sa\u2019d, a.g.e., II, 96). M\u00fc\u015friklerin h\u0131r\u00e7\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 b\u00f6yle bir el\u00e7ili\u011fi tehlikeli bir hale sokuyordu. Resulullah (s.a.s), Hz. Osman (r.a)\u2019a \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: \u201cGit ve Kurey\u015f\u2019e haber ver ki, biz buraya hi\u00e7 kimse ile sava\u015fmaya gelmedik. Sadece \u015fu Beyt\u2019i ziyaret ve onun haremli\u011fine sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in geldik ve getirdi\u011fimiz kurbanl\u0131k develeri kesip d\u00f6nece\u011fiz \u201c. Hz. Osman (r.a), Mekke\u2019ye gidip, m\u00fc\u015friklere bu hususlar\u0131 bildirdi. Ancak onlar; \u201cBu asla olmaz. Mekke\u2019ye giremezsiniz\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. Onlar\u0131n red cevab\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m k\u00e2rargah\u0131na Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015feklinde ula\u015ft\u0131. Onun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn gecikmesi bu haberi destekler nitelikteydi. Bunun \u00fczerine Resulullah (s.a.s), yan\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131, \u00f6lmek pahas\u0131na m\u00fc\u015friklerle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere, bey\u2019ata \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Bey\u2019atu\u2019r-R\u0131dvan ad\u0131yla tarihe ge\u00e7en bu bey\u2019atla\u015fmada Resulullah (s.a.s) sol elini sa\u011f elinin \u00fczerine koyarak, \u201cOsman Allah\u2019\u0131n ve Resul\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u015fi i\u00e7in gitmi\u015ftir\u201d dedi ve onun ad\u0131na da bey\u2019at etti. M\u00fc\u015frikler bu durumdan korkuya kap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in anla\u015fma yolunu tercih etmi\u015flerdi (\u0130bn Sa\u2019d, II, 96, 97).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman, bu arada Mekke\u2019deki g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve onlar\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek olan fethiyle teselli etmi\u015fti (As\u0131m K\u00f6ksal, \u0130sl\u00e2m Tarihi, VI, 177).<\/p>\n
M\u00fc\u015frikler, Osman (r.a)\u2019a isterse K\u00e2\u2019be\u2019yi tavaf edebilece\u011fini bildirmi\u015fler, ancak o, Resulullah (s.a.s) tavaf etmeden, kendisinin de tavaf etmeyece\u011fi cevab\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Hudeybiye\u2019de bulunan sahabiler ise Resulullaha: \u201cOsman Beytullah\u2019a kavu\u015ftu, onu tavaf etti; ne mutlu ona\u201d dediklerinde Resulullah (s.a.s); \u201cBeytullah\u2019\u0131 biz tavaf etmedik\u00e7e, Osman da tavaf etmez buyurmu\u015ftur\u201d (Vakid\u00ee\u2019den naklen, A. K\u00f6ksal, a.g.e., 178-179).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman, Medine d\u00f6nemi boyunca s\u00fcrekli Resulullah (s.a.s) ile birlikte olmaya gayret g\u00f6sterdi. Ashab\u0131n en zenginlerinden biri olmas\u0131, onun \u0130sl\u00e2ma ve m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara herkesten \u00e7ok maddi yard\u0131mda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bilhassa k\u00e2firler \u00fczerine sefere \u00e7\u0131kan ordular\u0131n techiz edilmesinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede c\u00f6mert davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Tarih\u00e7iler onun Cey\u015f\u2019ul-Usra diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan Teb\u00fck seferine \u00e7\u0131kacak ordunun techiz edilmesine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6vg\u00fcyle zikretmektedirler. O, bu ordunun yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te birini tek ba\u015f\u0131na techiz etmi\u015ftir. Asker say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n otuz bin ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa bu mebla\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rahat\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yledir: Gerekli tak\u0131mlar\u0131yla birlikte dokuz y\u00fcz elli deve ve y\u00fcz at, bunlar\u0131n s\u00fcvarilerinin te\u00e7hizat\u0131, on bin dinar nakit para (A. K\u00f6ksal, IX,162). Onun bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok memnun olan Resulullah (s.a.s); \u201cEy Allah\u2019\u0131m! Ben Osman\u2019dan raz\u0131y\u0131m. Sen de raz\u0131 ol\u201d (\u0130bn Hi\u015fam, S\u00eere, IV,161) diyerek duada bulunmu\u015f ve; Bundan sonra Osman\u2019a i\u015fledikleri i\u00e7in bir sorumluluk yoktur\u201d (Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, a.g.e.,169) demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman, Veda Hacc\u0131 esnas\u0131nda da Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019in yan\u0131ndayd\u0131. Resulullah (s.a.s) m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ilgilendiren bir \u00e7ok meselede Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na m\u00fcracaat etmi\u015ftir (H.\u0130.Hasan, a.g.e., I, 256).<\/p>\n
Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) halife se\u00e7ilince Osman (r.a) ona bey\u2019at etti. Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) halifeli\u011fi boyunca \u00fcmmetin i\u015flerini idarede onunla isti\u015farede bulundu. Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a)\u2019\u0131n vefat\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yazd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019in Halife atanmas\u0131na dair belgeyi Osman (r.a) kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir, Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ona tekrar okutturduktan sonra m\u00fch\u00fcrletmi\u015fti. Osman (r.a), yan\u0131nda \u00d6mer (r.a) ve yan\u0131nda Useyd \u0130bn Sa\u00eed el-Kuraz\u00ee oldu\u011fu halde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve oradakilere \u201cBu ka\u011f\u0131tta ad\u0131 yaz\u0131lan kimseye bey\u2019at ediyor musunuz\u201d diye sormu\u015ftu. Onlar da \u201cevet\u201d diyerek bunu kabul etmi\u015flerdi (\u0130bn Sad a.g.e., III, 200).<\/p>\n
Halifeli\u011fi<\/p>\n
Hz. \u00d6mer (r.a), yaralan\u0131nca, hil\u00e2fete ge\u00e7ecek kimsenin tayin edilmesi i\u00e7in alt\u0131 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan bir \u015fura olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. Bunlar Hz. Ali, Osman, Sa\u2019d \u0130bn Ebi Vakkas, Abdurrahman b. Avf, Zubeyr \u0130bn Avvam ve Talha \u0130bn Ubeydullah (r.anhum) idiler. Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler neticesinde, \u015fura \u00fcyelerinden d\u00f6rd\u00fc feragat edince g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler Hz. Osman\u2019la Hz. Ali \u00fczerinde devam etti. \u015eura ba\u015fkan\u0131 Abdurrahman \u0130bn Avf, geni\u015f bir kamu oyu yoklamas\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bu iki ki\u015fiden birisinin halife se\u00e7ilmesi \u00fczerinde mutab\u0131k olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Hz. Ali (r.a)\u2019i \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rarak ona; Allah\u2019\u0131n Kitab\u0131, Resul\u00fcn\u00fcn S\u00fcnneti ve Eb\u00fb Bekir ve \u00d6mer\u2019in uygulamalar\u0131na tabi olarak hareket edip etmeyece\u011fini sordu. O, Allah\u2019\u0131n Kitab\u0131 ve Resul\u00fcn\u00fcn S\u00fcnnetine tam olarak uyaca\u011f\u0131, ancak bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kendi i\u00e7tihad\u0131na g\u00f6re davranaca\u011f\u0131 cevab\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Ayn\u0131 soruyu Osman (r.a)\u2019a y\u00f6neltti\u011finde o, bunu kabul etmi\u015fti. Bunun \u00fczerine Abdurrahman \u0130bn Avf, Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131 halife atad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederek ona bey\u2019at etti (Suyuti, a.g.e.,171, 172; \u0130bn Hacer, a.g.e., 463; H.\u0130.Hasan, a.g.e., I, 258, 261). Hz. Osman\u2019a ikinci olarak bey\u2019at eden kimse Hz. Ali (r.a) olmu\u015ftur. Pe\u015finden de b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ona bey\u2019at ettiler (\u0130bn Sa\u2019d, a.g.e., III, 62). Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n hil\u00e2fete ge\u00e7i\u015fi Hicri yirmi \u00fc\u00e7 senesi Zilhicce ay\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Osman (r.a), devlet idaresini devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman \u0130sl\u00e2m fetihleri h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde devam ediyordu. Hz. \u00d6mer (r.a) devrinde Suriye, Filistin, M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u0130ran, \u0130sl\u00e2m topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hz. \u00d6mer (r.a)\u2019\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc idaresi, fethedilen b\u00f6lgelerde otorite ve d\u00fczenin sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman (r.a), \u0130sl\u00e2m tebli\u011finin girmi\u015f oldu\u011fu yay\u0131lma s\u00fcrecini ayn\u0131 h\u0131zla devam ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O, Ermenistan, Kuzey Afrika ve K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 fethetmi\u015f, \u0130ran\u2019daki ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rarak merkez\u00ee y\u00f6netimin n\u00fcfuzunu yeniden tesis etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman (r.a), hil\u00e2feti devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman idari kadrolarda yava\u015f yava\u015f baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapma yoluna gitti. Ancak, \u00d6mer (r.a)\u2019in vasiyetine uyarak bir sene m\u00fcddetle onun valilerini yerlerinde b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u0130lk \u00f6nce K\u00fcfe valisi Mu\u011fire b. \u015eu\u2019be\u2019yi azlederek yerine Sa\u2019d b. Ebi Vakkas\u2019\u0131 atad\u0131. Sa\u2019d, Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7tikten sonra atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk validir (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Esir el-Kamil f\u00ee\u2019t-Tarih, Beyrut 1979, III, 79).<\/p>\n
M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131larca sevilen bir kimse olan Amr b. el-As\u2019\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r valili\u011finden al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve yerine, Abdullah b. Sa\u2019d b. Ebi Serh\u2019in tayin edilmesi baz\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftu. \u0130skenderiye halk\u0131 Bizans \u0130mparatoru Heraklious\u2019a mektup yazarak kendilerini m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinden kurtarmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Ayr\u0131ca, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 koyacak kadar askerlerinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bildirdiler. Bunun \u00fczerine Bizans \u0130mparatoru, Manuel komutas\u0131nda kalabal\u0131k bir orduyu \u0130skenderiye\u2019ye g\u00f6nderip buray\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Bizansl\u0131lardan \u00e7ekinen K\u0131pti halk, Hz. Osman\u2019dan duruma m\u00fcdahale etmesini istedi\u011finde o, Amr b. el-As\u2019\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a geri g\u00f6nderdi. Amr, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fta, Manuel\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131 ve \u0130skenderiye \u015fehrini \u00e7evreleyen sur\u2019u y\u0131kt\u0131 (Hicr\u00ee 25) (\u0130bnul-Esir, a.g.e., III, 81; H.\u0130.Hasan, a.g.e.; I, 264). Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bozan Rey \u00fczerine, Sa\u2019d b. Ebi Vakkas bir sefer d\u00fczenlemi\u015f; ayr\u0131ca, Deylem \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Sa\u2019d b. Ebi Vakkas, Beyt\u00fcl-Malden bor\u00e7 olarak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 paray\u0131 geri \u00f6demekte s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nca Osman (r.a), onu azlederek yerine anne bir karde\u015fi Velid b. Ukbe\u2019yi K\u00fcfe valili\u011fine getirdi (\u0130bnul-Fsir a.g.e., III, 82). Velid, be\u015f sene K\u00fcfe valili\u011finde bulunmu\u015ftur. Velid, bir sabah, namaz\u0131 sarho\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 d\u00f6rt rekat k\u0131ld\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u201csizin i\u00e7in artt\u0131r\u0131yorum\u201d demi\u015fti. Bunu duyan Hz. Osman, ona tazir cezas\u0131 vererek bunun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 Hz. Ali\u2019den istemi\u015fti. Hz. Ali de Abdullah b. Cafer\u2019e onu k\u0131rba\u00e7latt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu olay \u00fczerine Hz. Osman onu azlederek yerine Sa\u00eed b. el-As b. Umeyye\u2019yi atad\u0131 (\u0130bnul-Esir, a.g.e., III, 107). Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n, ilk olarak Velid\u2019i, Sa\u2019d’\u0131n yerine vali yapmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden k\u0131nand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir (Suyut\u00ee, 172).<\/p>\n
Velid, K\u00fcfe valisi olunca, Azerbaycan komutan\u0131 Utbe b. Ferkat\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6revinden ald\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Azerbeycan halk\u0131 isyan ettiler. Velid, Azerbeycan \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek buray\u0131 itaat alt\u0131na ald\u0131ktan sonra Ermenistan (Tiflis) taraf\u0131na y\u00f6neldi ve andla\u015fmalar yaparak ganimetlerle geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc (H. 25).<\/p>\n
Bu arada Bizansla yap\u0131lan m\u00fccadele devam etmekteydi. Muaviye, Antalya ve Tarsus taraflar\u0131na ak\u0131nlar d\u00fczenliyordu. \u00d6te taraftan, Amr b. el-As\u2019a Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in emirler g\u00f6nderen Osman (r.a), Sicistan Valisi, Abdullah b. Amr\u2019a Kabil\u2019e y\u00fcr\u00fcmesi talimat\u0131n\u0131 veriyordu (\u0130bnul Esir, a.g.e., III, 87). Hicri yirmi alt\u0131da, Mescid-i Haram\u2019\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na tan\u0131k olunmaktad\u0131r. Mescid-i Haram\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki arsalar sat\u0131n al\u0131narak geni\u015f bir alan elde edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman (r.a), Hicri yirmi yedinci y\u0131lda M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Amr b. el-As\u2019\u0131 azlederek yerine Abdullah \u0130bn Sa\u2019d b. Ebi Serh\u2019i getirdi. O, Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n fethinin tamamlanmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeydi. Bunun i\u00e7in Osman (r.a), Ashab\u0131n ileri gelenleriyle isti\u015fare ettikten sonra, ona izin verdi ve i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok say\u0131da sahabinin de bulundu\u011fu bir orduyu takviye olarak ona g\u00f6nderdi (H.\u0130. Hasan, a.g.e., I, 265). Abdullah b. Nafi b. Abdulkays ve Abdullah b. Nafi b. Husayn komutas\u0131ndaki kuvvetler, \u0130bn Ebi Serh ile birle\u015ferek M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru harekete ge\u00e7tiler. Trablus\u2019tan Tanca\u2019ya kadar olan b\u00f6lgenin hakimi ve Bizans \u0130mparatorunun valisi, \u0130slam ordusunun topraklar\u0131na do\u011fru ilerledi\u011fi haberini al\u0131nca, yirmi bini s\u00fcvari olmak \u00fczere, y\u00fcz bin ki\u015filik bir ordu haz\u0131rlayarak tedbirler ald\u0131. Krall\u0131k merkezi olan Subaytala\u2019ya yirmi d\u00f6rt saatlik bir mesafede iki ordu kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi. \u0130bn Ebi Serh\u2019in, m\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmak veya cizyeyi kabul etmek teklifi reddedilince \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu arada, ordunun Medine ile olan haberle\u015fmesi kesilmi\u015fti. Hz. Osman ba\u011flant\u0131 kurabilmek i\u00e7in Abdullah \u0130bn Z\u00fcbeyr\u2019i bir askeri birlikle Afrika\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdi. G\u00fcnlerce s\u00fcren sava\u015f, Abdullah \u0130bn Z\u00fcbeyr\u2019in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi taktikle k\u0131sa zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zaferle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7en ganimet olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. S\u00fcvarilere \u00fc\u00e7er bin dinar ve yayalara ise biner dinar hisse d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Esir, a.g.e., III, 88-90; H.\u0130.Hasen, a.g.e., I, 265-266).<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m ordular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki bu engel kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Hz. Osman, Abdullah b. Naf\u00ee b. Husayn ve Abdullah b. Nafi b. Abdulkays\u2019a hi\u00e7 vakit kaybetmeden Cebelu\u2019t-Tar\u0131k\u2019\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Endel\u00fcs\u2019e girmeleri emrini verdi. Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n, ordunun Endel\u00fcs\u2019e ge\u00e7i\u015fini istemesi, \u0130stanbul\u2019un bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak fethinin kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden kaynaklan\u0131yordu. O, komutanlar\u0131na \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201c\u0130stanbul ancak Endel\u00fcs taraf\u0131ndan fethedilebilir. E\u011fer oray\u0131 fethederseniz, \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethedenlerin ecrine ortak olacaks\u0131n\u0131z\u201d (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Esir, a.g.e., III, 93; Ayr\u0131ca bk. Muhammed Hamidullah, Fethul-Endel\u00fcs (\u0130spanya) fi Hilafeti Seyyidina Osman sene 27 li\u2019l-Hicre, \u0130.\u00dc. Ed. Fak. \u0130slam Tetkikleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi, \u0130stanbul 1978, VII, 221-225). B\u00f6ylece Hz. Osman zaman\u0131nda, Kuzey Afrikadaki fetihler tamamlanm\u0131\u015f, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Bizans\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131dan s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 planlar\u0131 uygulamaya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u00d6te taraftan Muaviye b. Ebi S\u00fcfyan, Osman (r.a)\u2019dan izin alarak, Suriye sahillerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu donanma ile Akdenize a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar denizlerde de Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Muaviye daha \u00f6nce bu i\u015f i\u00e7in Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019e m\u00fcracaat etmi\u015fti. Ancak \u00d6mer (r.a), o an m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n maslahat\u0131 bunu gerekli k\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in izin vermemi\u015fti. Daha sonra \u015fartlar bu i\u015f i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli hale geldi\u011finden dolay\u0131 Hz. Osman donanma in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n l\u00fczumuna kanaat getirmi\u015fti. Muaviye, donanmas\u0131yla denize a\u00e7\u0131larak, K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Abdullah b. Sa\u2019d M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan onun yard\u0131m\u0131na gitti. K\u0131br\u0131s, y\u0131ll\u0131k yedi bin dinar cizye ile \u0130sl\u00e2m hakimiyetini tan\u0131mak zorunda kald\u0131 (Hicr\u00ee 28). Bu miktar onlar\u0131n Bizans \u0130mparatoruna \u00f6dedi\u011fi mebla\u011fd\u0131r (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Esir, a.g.e., III, 96).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman, Kufe Valisi Ebu Musa el-E\u015f\u2019ar\u00ee\u2019yi g\u00f6revinden alarak yerine Abdullah b. Amir el-Kureyz\u2019i atad\u0131 (H. 29). Abdullah, Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n day\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n o\u011fludur. Ebu Musa\u2019y\u0131 azletmesinin sebebi K\u00fbfe halk\u0131n\u0131n ondan \u015fikayet\u00e7i olmalar\u0131 ve bunu Hz. Osman (r.a)\u2019a bildirmeleridir (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Es\u00eer, a.g.e., III, 99-100).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman, Mescid-i Nebi\u2019nin geni\u015fletilmesine ihtiya\u00e7 duyarak, onu s\u00fcsl\u00fc ta\u015flarla yeniden in\u015fa etti. Ta\u015f s\u00fctunlar dikerek tavan\u0131n\u0131 sac (bir cins a\u011fa\u00e7) ile kapatt\u0131. Uzunlu\u011funu y\u00fcz altm\u0131\u015f, geni\u015fli\u011fini de y\u00fcz elli zira\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131 (Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, 173).<\/p>\n
Hicri otuz y\u0131l\u0131nda Sa\u2019id b. el-As\u2019\u0131n Taberistan\u2019a h\u00fccum etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu b\u00f6lgede gazalarda bulunan Sa\u2019id, bir \u00e7ok \u015fehri fethetti. Horasan, Tus, Serahs, Merv, Beyhak bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Hz. Osman, de\u011fi\u015fik eyaletlerde, Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019in okunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ihtilaflar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flatt\u0131. Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim ilk olarak Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir zaman\u0131nda tedvin edilmi\u015fti. Zeyd b. Sabit\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim bir kitap haline getirilmi\u015fti. Bu ilk mushaf, Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a)\u2019dan sonra \u00d6mer (r.a)\u2019a ge\u00e7mi\u015f, onun \u015fehadetinden sonra da Hafsa (r.anh)\u2019n\u0131n elinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Azerbeycan sefer esnas\u0131nda ordu i\u00e7erisinde k\u0131raat konusunda bir ihtilaf\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, ordu komutan\u0131 Huzeyfe b. Yeman\u2019\u0131 endi\u015felendirmi\u015f ve Halife\u2019den, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n emin bir \u015fekilde okuyabilecekleri bir mushaf\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti. Hafsa (r.anh)\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda bulunan mushaf getirilerek \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131ld\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn eyaletlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan n\u00fcshalar\u0131n tamam\u0131 toplat\u0131larak imha edildi. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Ashab\u0131n hayatta olanlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a rahatlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Es\u00eer a.g.e., III,111-112; H.\u0130. Nasen, a.g.e., I, 510-513).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman, Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019a ait olan; Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir ve Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019den sonra kendisine intikal eden m\u00fchr\u00fc Medine\u2019deki Ar\u00ees kuyusuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Onu bulacak olana b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda para vadinde bulunmu\u015f, ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn aramalara ra\u011fmen bu m\u00fch\u00fcr bulunamay\u0131nca Osman (r.a) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcye kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ondan \u00fcmidini kesince hemen bir m\u00fch\u00fcr yapt\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eehid edilene kadar parma\u011f\u0131nda kalan bu m\u00fchr\u00fcn kimin eline ge\u00e7ti\u011fi tesbit edilememi\u015ftir (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Esir, III, 133). Bu olay hil\u00e2fetinin alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130slam fetihlerinin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi ve elde edilen ganimetlerle insanlar\u0131n zenginle\u015fmeleri, refah seviyesini olduk\u00e7a y\u00fckseltmi\u015fti. Bu durum, tabii olarak, \u0130sl\u00e2ma uygun olmayan birtak\u0131m davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlerinin de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftu. Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda yeti\u015fen ve bu geli\u015fmeleri endi\u015feyle takip eden sahabiler, bu endi\u015felerini yer yer ortaya koymaktayd\u0131lar. Bunlardan birisi de, z\u00fchd ve takvas\u0131yla tan\u0131nan ve maddi varl\u0131klardan muhta\u00e7 kimselerin yeterince istifade ettirilmedi\u011fine inanan Ebu Zerr el-Gifar\u00ee (r.a)\u2019d\u0131r. O, \u015eam\u2019da, Muaviye\u2019nin uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini s\u00f6ylemekte \u0131srarl\u0131 davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Medine\u2019ye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ebu Zerr, Medine\u2019ye geldi\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini Hz. Osman\u2019a tekrarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun ard\u0131ndan, Halife\u2019den izin isteyerek, Medine\u2019ye yak\u0131n bir yer olan Rebeze\u2019ye gidip yerle\u015fmi\u015fti (a.g.e., III, 115; bk. Ebu Zerr el-Gif\u00e2r\u00ee Mad.).<\/p>\n
Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131lan en parlak ve kesin zaferlerden birisi hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz ki Latu\u2019s-Sev\u00e2r\u00ee deniz sava\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Abdullah b. Sa\u2019d’\u0131n komutas\u0131ndaki \u0130sl\u00e2m donanmas\u0131, \u0130skenderiye a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda Bizans \u0130mparatoru Konstantin komutas\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck donanmayla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi. Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n gemi say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda verilen bilgiler, be\u015f y\u00fcz ile sekiz y\u00fcz rakam\u0131 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. \u0130sl\u00e2m donanmas\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu gemi say\u0131s\u0131 ise ikiy\u00fcz civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta Bizansl\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bozguna u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131. Konstantin, Sicilya\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak zorunda kalan (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Esir, a.g.e., III,117-118; H.\u0130. Hasan, I, 266-267). Bu zaferden sonra Bizans, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 olan deniz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015f, \u0130slam donanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul sular\u0131na kadar \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kacak bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Fitnenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u015eehadeti:<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman on iki sene hil\u00e2fet makam\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun ilk alt\u0131 senesi huzur ve g\u00fcven i\u00e7erisinde ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve hi\u00e7 kimse y\u00f6netimin uygulamalar\u0131ndan \u015fikayet\u00e7i olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurey\u015f, onu Hz. \u00d6merden daha \u00e7ok sevmi\u015fti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Hz. \u00d6mer onlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015feriat\u0131 uygulamada m\u00fcsamahas\u0131z ve sertti. Hz. Osman ise yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yumu\u015fakl\u0131k ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ile insanlar\u0131n serbest\u00e7e hareket edebilmelerine imkan sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onun bu yap\u0131s\u0131ndan istifade eden eyaletlerdeki bir tak\u0131m valiler, sorumsuz davran\u0131\u015flar sergilemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Y\u00fckselen \u015fikayetleri ani ve kesin kararlarla kar\u015f\u0131layamay\u0131nca, yava\u015f yava\u015f bir fitne ve karga\u015fa ortam\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Endel\u00fcs\u2019ten Hindistan hudutlar\u0131na kadar \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir sahay\u0131 kaplayan devletin i\u00e7erisinde, \u00e7e\u015fitli din ve \u0131rklara mensup zimmi stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde topluluklar vard\u0131. Bunlar, ma\u011flup d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri \u0130sl\u00e2m Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 her f\u0131rsat\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek ba\u015f kald\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Yahudi unsuru ise, \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00dcmmeti\u2019ni par\u00e7alay\u0131p yok etmek i\u00e7in \u0130slam\u0131n temel prensiplerini hedef alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu\u011funu iddia ederek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir tak\u0131m Yahudi as\u0131ll\u0131 kimseler, zuhur eden huzursuzluklar\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fckleyip fitne alevini her tarafa yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bunlardan birisi etkili nifak hareketlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve tam bir komitac\u0131 olan Abdullah \u0130bn Sebe\u2019dir. \u0130bn Sebe Yemenli bir yahudidir. O, samimi kimselerin hakl\u0131 \u015fikayetlerini kullanarak insanlar\u0131 Hz. Osman\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131yordu. Bir taraftan \u201cric\u2019at\u0131 Muhammed\u201d (Muhammed (s.a.s)\u2019in tekrar d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini yaymaya gayret g\u00f6sterirken, \u00f6te taraftan Peygamber\u2019in pe\u015finden hil\u00e2fet hakk\u0131n\u0131n Hz. Ali (r.a)\u2019a ait oldu\u011funu ve bunun da Allah taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015f bir ger\u00e7ekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yayarak daha sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak \u015eia akidesinin temellerini at\u0131yordu. Onun yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere g\u00f6re Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a), \u00d6mer (r.a) ve Osman (r.a), Hz. .Ali (r.a)\u0131n hakk\u0131n\u0131 gasbetmi\u015flerdi. O, K\u00fcfe, Basra ve \u015eamda insanlar\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131rken, Ebu Zerr (r.a)in hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da kendisine malzeme yapmaya u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yordu. (\u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l Esir, Tarih, III,154; H. \u0130. Hasan, age, I, 368-370)<\/p>\n
Bir zaman sonra, Muhammed b. Eb\u00ee Bekr ve Muhammed b. Eb\u00ee Huzeyfe de, yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu atamalardan dolay\u0131 Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131 tenkid etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Es\u00eer. a.g.e., III, 118).<\/p>\n
Hz. Osman\u2019a yap\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli su\u00e7lama, onun kendi akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 valiliklere getirmesi, onlara bolca ihsanlarda bulunmas\u0131 ve yolsuzluklar\u0131n\u0131 denetleyememesidir (Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, 174). Hz. Ali (r.a) bu konudaki \u015fikayetlerini ona iletti\u011finde o, Hz. Ali\u2019ye \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cMu\u011fire b. \u015eu\u2019be\u2019yi \u00d6mer\u2019in vali tayin etti\u011fini bilmez misin?\u201d Hz. Ali: \u201cBiliyorum\u201d deyince o; \u201cO halde neden akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 onu vali tayin etti\u011fim \u015feklinde bir k\u0131namada bulunuyorsun?\u201d diye sormu\u015ftu. Hz. Ali\u2019nin buna verdi\u011fi cevap \u015fuydu; \u201c\u00d6mer vali atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimseyi s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kontrol alt\u0131nda tutard\u0131. En ufak hatalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rse onlar\u0131 sorgular ve en \u015fiddetli \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Sen ise bunu yapm\u0131yorsun\u201d (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Esir, a.g.e., III, 152).<\/p>\n
Bunun \u00fczerine Hz. Osman, vilayetlerdeki y\u00f6netimler hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan dedikodular\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n sebeplerini yerinde incelemek \u00fczere m\u00fcfetti\u015fler tayin etti. Muhammed b. Mesleme\u2019yi Kufe\u2019ye; Usame b. Zeyd\u2019i Basra\u2019ya; Abdullah b. \u00d6mer\u2019i \u015eam\u2019a ve Ammar b. Yasir\u2019i de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi. Ammar b. Yasir hari\u00e7, di\u011ferleri g\u00f6revlerini tamamlayarak geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Osman (r.a) haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 gidermek, filizlenmeye ba\u015flayan ve \u00fcmmet i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck sak\u0131ncalara sebep olacak olan fitnenin yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir gayretin i\u00e7ine girmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
O, gelen \u015fikayetleri dikkatle inceliyor, ba\u015fta Hz. Ali (r.a) olmak \u00fczere Ashab\u2019\u0131n ileri gelenleri ile isti\u015farelerde bulunuyordu. Ancak, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan Medine\u2019ye gelip, Abdullah b. Sa\u2019d b. Ebi Serh\u2019in gayr-\u0131 me\u015fru uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fikayet eden bir heyetin, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerinde \u0130bn Ebi Serh\u2019in takibat\u0131na u\u011framalar\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, olaylar\u0131n t\u0131rmanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftu. Bunun \u00fczerine M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan alt\u0131 y\u00fcz ki\u015filik bir topluluk Medine\u2019ye gelerek Mescid-i Nebi\u2019de, namaz vakitlerinde Ebi Serh\u2019in i\u015flediklerini sahabilere \u015fikayet ediyorlard\u0131. Talha \u0130bn Ubeydullah, Hz. Ai\u015fe (r.anha) ve Hz. Ali (r.a), Hz. Osman\u2019a giderek, bu insanlar\u0131n hakl\u0131 isteklerini yerine getirmesini ve Abdullah b. Sa\u2019d b. Ebi Serh\u2019i azlederek yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Bunun \u00fczerine Hz. Osman, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u2019a kendileri i\u00e7in vali olarak kimi istediklerini sordu. Onlar, Muhammed b. Ebi Bekr\u2019i istediklerini bildirdiler. Osman (r.a), Muhammed b. Ebi Bekr\u2019i vali tayin etti. O, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan gelenler ve bir grup sahabi ile birlikte Medine\u2019den yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Medine\u2019den \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir uzakl\u0131kta yol al\u0131rlarken devesini, sanki takip ediliyormu\u015f gibi h\u0131zl\u0131 s\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir adam g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Adam\u0131 yakalay\u0131p sorgulad\u0131klar\u0131nda \u0130bn Ebi Serh\u2019e bir mesaj\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131lar. Ona kim oldu\u011fu soruldu\u011funda, bazen Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n, bazan da Mervan b. Hakem\u2019in k\u00f6lesi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. \u00dczerindeki mektubu a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131nda, i\u00e7inde, \u201cMuhammed b. Ebi Bekr ile falanca falanca\u2026 Sana ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda onlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u201d yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n m\u00fchr\u00fcyle m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Derhal Medine\u2019ye geri d\u00f6n\u00fcp Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n evini ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. Hz. Ali, yan\u0131na Muhammed \u0130bn Mesleme\u2019yi al\u0131p Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n evine gitti. Hz. Ali (r.a) ona, \u00fczerine kendi m\u00fchr\u00fc bulunan bu mektubu kimin kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordu. Osman (r.a) b\u00f6yle bir mektup yazmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da haberi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Muhammed de Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131 do\u011frulam\u0131\u015f ve bu i\u015fi d\u00fczenleyen kimsenin Mervan oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Yaz\u0131y\u0131 inceledikleri zaman bunun Mervan b. Hakem\u2019e ait oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131lar. O esnada Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131n evinde bulunmakta olan Mervan\u2019\u0131n kendilerine teslim edilmesini istediler. Hz. Osman (r.a) bunu kabul etmedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onu \u00f6ld\u00fcreceklerinden korkuyordu.<\/p>\n
Onun evini ku\u015fatan asiler diyalog \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na cevap vermedikleri gibi, suyunu da kesmi\u015flerdi, Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n fitneyi yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ve haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 gidermek hususunda asilere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nasihatlerin onlar \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7 bir tesiri olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onlar, Hz. Osman (r.a)\u2019a \u015f\u00f6yle diyorlard\u0131:<\/p>\n
\u201cBiz seni hilafetten azledene veya \u00f6ld\u00fcrene yahut da bu yolda \u00f6lene kadar bu i\u015ften vazge\u00e7ecek de\u011filiz. E\u011fer sana sahip \u00e7\u0131kanlar bize engel olmaya kalkarlarsa onlarla sava\u015f\u0131r\u0131z\u201d. Hz. Osman onlara, Allah\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u00fckledi\u011fi hilafet g\u00f6revini asla b\u0131rakmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kendisine bundan daha sevimli oldu\u011funu bildirmi\u015f, ayr\u0131ca kendini savunmak i\u00e7in kimseye emir vermedi\u011fini eklemi\u015fti (\u0130bn\u00fcl-Es\u00eer, a.g.e., III, 169-170). O, ashaptan, asileri \u015fehirden kovup \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in gelen teklifleri reddediyor, onlardan silah kullanmayacaklar\u0131na dair kesin s\u00f6z vermelerini istiyordu.<\/p>\n
Bir g\u00fcn kendisini ku\u015fatan asilerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p: \u201cAli buralarda m\u0131? Sa\u2019d buralarda m\u0131?\u201d diye sormu\u015f, bulunmad\u0131klar\u0131 cevab\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131nca biraz susmu\u015f ve \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cBana su sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131, Ali\u2019ye bildirecek kimse yok mu?\u201d Bu Hz. Ali\u2019ye ula\u015f\u0131nca derhal \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131rba suyu ona g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Ali (r.a), asilerin Osman (r.a)\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek istediklerini \u00f6\u011frenince, b\u00f6yle bir \u015feye meydan vermemek i\u00e7in, iki o\u011flu Hasan ve H\u00fcseyin\u2019e, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 alarak gidip Osman\u2019\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131nda beklemelerini ve i\u00e7eri kimseyi sokmamalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Abdullah \u0130bn Z\u00fcbeyr de onlara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, di\u011fer bir tak\u0131m sahabiler de \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 oraya g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdi. Durum \u00e7ok nazik bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hz. Osman, ne asilerin haks\u0131z taleplerini kabul ediyor, ne de Medine ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerden gelen, asileri sava\u015farak Medine\u2019den \u00e7\u0131karma tekliflerine olumlu cevap veriyordu. O, Peygamber \u015fehri\u2019nde kan d\u00f6kmek ve fitneyi ilk ba\u015flatan kimse olmaktan \u00e7ekindi\u011fi i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle davran\u0131yordu. Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe (r.anha)\u2019dan Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019\u0131n \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi\u011fi rivayet edilmektedir:<\/p>\n
\u201cYa Osman! Belki Allah sana bir g\u00f6mlek giydirir, m\u00fcnaf\u0131klar senden onu \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131 istediklerinde onu, bana kavu\u015funcaya kadar sak\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karma\u201d. Hz. Osman, Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019in bu g\u00fcnler i\u00e7in kendisine bildirdi\u011fi \u015feylere uymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. O, \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cResulullah (s.a.s) benimle ahitle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015fey \u00fczerinde sabretmekteyim\u201d (\u00dcsd\u00fcl-\u011e\u00e2be, II, 589; Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, 170; \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Es\u00eer, III, 175).<\/p>\n
Asilerin kendisini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye kararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir i\u015f i\u015fleyip katillerden olmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kendilerine bir m\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131n ancak; zina, kasten adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ve dinden d\u00f6nmek \u015fartlar\u0131 dahilinde helal oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor ve kendisinin bunlardan hi\u00e7 birisiyle itham edilemeyece\u011fini anlat\u0131p duruyordu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Osman b. Aff\u00e2n b. Ebil-As b. \u00dcmeyye b. Abdi\u2019\u015f-\u015eems b. Abdi Menaf el-Kure\u015f\u00ee el-Emev\u00ee; Ra\u015fid Halifelerin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc. \u00dcmeyyeo\u011fullar\u0131 ailesine mensup olup, nesebi be\u015finci ceddi olan Abdi Menaf\u2019ta Resulullah (s.a.s) ile birle\u015fmektedir. Fil olay\u0131ndan alt\u0131 sene sonra Mekke\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Annesi, Erva binti K\u00fcreyz b. Rebia b. Habib b. Abdi \u015eems\u2019tir. B\u00fcy\u00fckannesi ise Resulullah (s.a.s)\u2019\u0131n halas\u0131 Abd\u00fclmuttalib\u2019in …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[396],"tags":[1063,933,1062,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,399,1072,1510],"class_list":["post-738","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sahabeler","tag-halifeler-donemi","tag-hz-osman","tag-hz-osman-r-a","tag-hz-osman-halife-donemi","tag-hz-osman-hayati","tag-hz-osman-kimdir","tag-hz-osmanin-hayati","tag-ibnul-hacer-el-askalani","tag-mekkeli-musrikler","tag-osman-bin-affan","tag-rukayye","tag-sahabe","tag-sahabeler-hayati","tag-sahabeler"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/738","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=738"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/738\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=738"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=738"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/islamidavet.com\/cocuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=738"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}